פרויקט דור ה-Z – פרק ב'

פרויקט דור ה-Z – פרק ב'

עיקרי הדברים:

  • בארצות הברית, נראה שבני דור ה-Z נוטים שמאלה יותר מאשר בני הדורות הקודמים ומוטרדים מנושאים כמו משבר האקלים וזכויות מיעוטים
  • בני דור ה-Z בילו בילדותם פי שניים זמן עם אמותיהם ופי ארבעה זמן עם אבותיהם בהשוואה לילדים שגדלו בשנות השישים
  • לבני דור ה-Z קשה יותר לרכוש חברים בבית הספר בהשוואה לבני דורות קודמים. בני נוער מערביים הפכו יותר ויותר דומים לעמיתיהם היפנים והדרום קוריאנים בנטייתם לסבול מבידוד חברתי
  • השימוש הגובר במכשירים הניידים של דור ה-Z בא על חשבון מפגשים פנים אל פנים, מה שמעצים את תחושת הבדידות והאאוטסיידריות
  • 41% מבני דור ה-Z מבלים יותר משלוש שעות ביום בשימוש במחשבים למטרות אחרות מלבד לימודים, לעומת 22% בלבד ב-2004
  • למרות זאת, כיום משתלבים חברים רבים בדור ה-Z בשוק העבודה ללא מיומנויות דיגיטליות בסיסיות, אם כי הם יכולים ללמוד מהר יותר מאשר עובדים מבוגרים
  • בריונות באמצעות טכנולוגיה נפוצה יותר בקרב בני דור ה-Z מאשר בקרב בני דור המילניום שקדם להם. הדבר שכיח יותר בקרב בנות, 22% סבלו מביריונות ברשת לעומת 10% מהבנים

בני דור ה-Z, שנקראים לפעמים Zoomers, הם ילידי השנים 2013-1997 בערך[86]. הצעירים שבהם, בני 11, לומדים בכיתה ד'; המבוגרים הם בני 27 שכבר השתלבו בשוק העבודה העכשווי והמשתנה, אולי כמורים מתחילים, או שהם עדיין סטודנטים באקדמיה – בחלק מהמקרים כתלמידים במכללות להוראה. על מערכת החינוך להכיר את צורכיהם, ציפיותיהם, אורח חייהם; וכן את שיטות הלימוד, הרגלי הצריכה, העדפות התרבות, הערכים, העמדות והתכונות המשותפים לרבים מהם. פרויקט מיוחד של פורטל מס"ע – פרק ב'.

פרויקט דור ה-Z – פרק א'

לערך Generation Z בוויקיפדיה באנגלית

לקריאה נוספת: כל סיכומי המאמרים על דור ה-Z

פוליטיקה

בארצות הברית, נראה שדור ה-Z עד כה מחזיק בדעות סוציו-פוליטיות דומות לבני דור המילניום הקודם לו. בכך הם נוטים שמאלה יותר מאשר בני הדורות הקודמים.[198][199][200] בקרב דמוקרטיות מפותחות ירד אמונם של צעירים במוסדות, לרבות בממשלתם, בהשוואה למידת האמון שרחשו בני הדורות הקודמים.[127] עם זאת, מגמות רחבות אלו מסתירות פער מגדרי משמעותי ברחבי העולם המערבי, כאשר נשים צעירות (מתחת לגיל 30) נוטות לשמאל הקיצוני ואילו גברים צעירים נוטים לימין הקיצוני במגוון נושאים מהגירה ועד הטרדה מינית.[203]

 דת ואמונה

במערב, דור ה-Z הוא הדור הכי פחות דתי בהיסטוריה.[206][207][208] יותר בני דור ה-Z מתארים את עצמם כלא מאמינים מאשר בכל דור קודם ודוחים השתייכות דתית, אם כי רבים מהם עדיין מתארים את עצמם כרוחניים.[208] בארצות הברית, שיעור המזדהים כאתיאיסטים כפול מזה של דורות קודמים.[209]

 אלכוהוליזם ושימוש בסמים

בבריטניה בני דור ה-Z צורכים 20% פחות אלכוהול מבני דור המילניום. עם זאת, 9.9% מבני  16 עד 24 צרכו לפחות סם אחד בחודש האחרון, בדרך כלל קנאביס: יותר מפי שניים מהמקובל בגילאים 16 עד 59. הקנאביס תפס את מקומם של האופיאטים כגורם נפוץ להתמכרות [14].

הורים וילדים

סוציולוגים ניתחו את יומניהם של 122,271 הורים (68,532 אמהות ו-53,739 אבות) בני 18 עד 65 במשקי בית עם לפחות ילד אחד מתחת לגיל 13 מ-1965 עד 2012 באחת עשרה מדינות מערביות - קנדה, בריטניה, ארצות הברית, ספרד, איטליה, צרפת, הולנד, גרמניה, דנמרק, נורבגיה וסלובניה - וגילו שבאופן כללי הורים מבלים יותר ויותר זמן עם ילדיהם. בשנת 1965, אם השקיעה בממוצע 54 דקות, כמעט שעה, בפעילויות טיפול בילדים בכל יום. ב-2012 השקיעה אם ממוצעת כמעט פי שניים, כ-104 דקות, קרוב לשעתיים. בקרב אבות, כמות הזמן שהושקעה בטיפול בילדים הוכפלה בערך פי ארבעה, מ-16 דקות ב-1965 ל-59 ב-2012. הורים מכל רמות ההשכלה היו מיוצגים במגמת עלייה זו, אם כי בעלי השכלה גבוהה בדרך כלל בילו הרבה יותר זמן עם ילדיהם, במיוחד אימהות בעלות תואר אקדמי.

מכיוון שבני דור המילניום וחברי דור ה-X נוטים ללדת פחות ילדים מהוריהם, בני דור הבייבי בום, כל ילד בדור ה-Z מקבל בדרך כלל יותר תשומת לב מהסבים וההורים בהשוואה לדורות הקודמים.[228]

חָברוּת וסוציאליזציה

על פי סקרי פיזה של ה-OECD, לבני 15 בשנת 2015 היה קשה יותר לרכוש חברים בבית הספר בהשוואה לעשר שנים קודם לכן. בני נוער אירופאים הפכו יותר ויותר דומים לעמיתיהם היפנים והדרום קוריאנים בנטייתם לסבול מבידוד חברתי. ייתכן שהסיבה לכך היא הורות פולשנית ("הורות הליקופטר"), שימוש רב במכשירים אלקטרוניים וחששות לגבי הישגים אקדמיים וסיכויי עבודה. [11]

מחקר על אינטראקציה חברתית בקרב בני נוער אמריקאים מצא כי משך הזמן שצעירים בילו עם חבריהם נמצא במגמת ירידה מאז שנות ה-70, אך רשם ירידה חדה במיוחד לאחר 2010. אחוז תלמידי י"ב (בדרך כלל בני 17 עד 18) שאמרו ב-2010 שהם נפגשים עם חבריהם כמעט כל יום ירד מ-52% ב-1976 ל-28% ב-2017. האחוז של אותה קבוצת גיל שאמרו כי הם מרגישים בדידות לעתים קרובות (שירד בתחילת שנות ה-2000) גדל מ-26% ב-2012 ל-39% ב-2017, בעוד שהאחוז שחשו לעיתים קרובות כאאוטסיידרים עלה מ-30% ל-38% באותה תקופה. נתונים סטטיסטיים עבור בני נוער מעט צעירים יותר העלו כי מסיבות נהפכו להרבה פחות שכיחות מאז שנות ה-80.[229]

שימוש בטכנולוגיה

דור ה-Z הוא אחד מהמחזורים הראשונים שיש להם גישה קלה ומקיפה לאינטרנט בגיל צעיר, עם השימוש במכשירים ניידים שגדל באופן אקספוננציאלי עם הזמן. אנתוני טרנר מאפיין דור ה-Z כבעל "קשר דיגיטלי לאינטרנט", וטוען שהמרשתת עשויה לעזור לנוער לברוח ממאבקים רגשיים ונפשיים שהם מתמודדים איתם במצב לא מקוון.[6]

41% מבני דור ה-Z מבלים יותר משלוש שעות ביום בשימוש במחשבים למטרות אחרות מלבד לימודים, לעומת 22% בלבד ב-2004.[241] הורים שמגדלים ילדי דור Z חוששים משימוש יתר באינטרנט, ולא אוהבים את קלות הגישה למידע ותמונות בלתי הולמים, כמו גם אתרי רשת חברתית שבהם קטינים יכולים לקבל גישה לאנשים ברחבי העולם. ילדי דור Z, לעומת זאת, מרגישים מוטרדים מהוריהם ומתלוננים על כך שהורים שולטים יתר על המידה בכל הנוגע לשימוש שלהם באינטרנט.[244]

מחקר משנת 2015 גילה כי 77% מהמשיבים בגילאי 18 עד 24 אמרו כן להצהרה, "כששום דבר לא מעסיק את תשומת ליבי, הדבר הראשון שאני עושה הוא להושיט יד לטלפון שלי", לעומת 10% בלבד לבני 65 ומעלה.[245]

קבלת טלפון נחשבת לטקס מעבר במדינות מסוימות. קבלת המכשיר מאפשר לבעלים להיות מחובר יותר עם בני גילו, וכיום זו נורמה חברתית להחזיק בטלפון בגיל צעיר.[249]

מחקר אחר מצא כי "24% מבני הנוער נכנסים לאינטרנט 'כמעט כל הזמן'".[250]

סקר שנערך בקרב סטודנטים מ-79 מדינות על ידי ה-OECD מצא כי כמות הזמן המושקעת בשימוש במכשיר אלקטרוני גדלה, מפחות משעתיים ביום חול ב-2012 לקרוב לשלוש ב-2019.[37]

בתופעת הסקסטינג, העברת תוכן מיני בוטה באמצעות מכשירים אלקטרוניים, נרשמה צמיחה ניכרת בקרב מתבגרים בני זמננו. יש הרואים בכך התנהגות בסיכון גבוה בגלל קלות ההפצה לצדדים שלישיים המובילה לפגיעה במוניטין והקשר למצבים פסיכולוגיים שונים כולל דיכאון ואפילו התאבדות. בנות נוטות יותר מאשר בנים לקבל עלבונות, דחיות חברתיות או פגיעה במוניטין כתוצאה מסקסטינג.[18]

אוריינות דיגיטלית

למרות תיוגם כילידים דיגיטליים, סקר אוריינות מחשב ומידע בינלאומי (ICILS), שנערך ב-2018 בקרב 42,000 תלמידי כיתות ח' ב-14 מדינות ומערכות חינוך, מצא שרק שני אחוזים מהם היו בקיאים מספיק כדי להצדיק את התיאור הזה, ורק 19% יכלו לעבוד באופן עצמאי עם מחשבים כדי לאסוף מידע ולנהל את עבודתם.[8]

כיום משתלבים חברים רבים בדור ה-Z בשוק העבודה ללא מיומנויות דיגיטליות בסיסיות, אם כי הם יכולים ללמוד מהר יותר מאשר עובדים מבוגרים.[9]

צפייה בפורנוגרפיה

בעוד שפורנוגרפיה מיועדת לבידור, בני נוער פונים אליה יותר ויותר כמקור מידע על מיניות,[252] במיוחד לגבי השאלה מה לעשות במהלך מפגש מיני. הפורנוגרפיה מגיעה לקהלים צעירים יותר ויותר – כולל אנשים בתחילת שנות העשרה שלהם.[252][254][253] למרות שהורים בדרך כלל מאמינים שמתבגרים הצופים בפורנוגרפיה להנאתם נוטים להיות בנים, סקרים וראיונות מגלים שהתנהגות זו נפוצה גם בקרב בנות.[253]

דו"ח משנת 2020 טוען שההורים נמצאים בהכחשה או שלא מודעים לחלוטין לשכיחות של צפייה בפּוֹרנוֹגרַפִיָה בקרב מתבגרים: כשלושה רבעים מההורים אמרו לחוקרים שהם לא מאמינים שילדיהם צרכו חומרים כאלה.[253] יותר ממחצית מהבני נוער שרואיינו סיפרו לחוקרים שהם צפו בפורנוגרפיה, אם כי המספר בפועל גבוה יותר בשל רגישות הנושא.[253] מרואיינים רבים אמרו לחוקרים שהם חשים חרדה לגבי דימוי הגוף והציפיות של השותפים המיניים הפוטנציאליים שלהם כתוצאה מהצפייה בפורנוגרפיה[253].

רשתות חברתיות

מערכות יחסים מקוונות הם נורמה דורית חדשה.[255] בני דור ה-Z משתמשים במדיה חברתית ובאתרים אחרים כדי לחזק קשרים עם חברים ולפתח קשרים חדשים. הם מקיימים אינטראקציה עם אנשים שאחרת לא היו פוגשים בעולם האמיתי, והופכים לכלי ליצירת זהות.[244]

השימוש הגובר במכשירים הניידים של דור ה-Z בא על חשבון מפגשים פנים אל פנים, מה שמעצים את תחושת הבדידות והאאוטסיידריות.[256] הצורך בתקשורת מהירה בא לידי ביטוי באפליקציות פופולריות של דור Z ובשימוש הנפוץ באימוג'ים.[257] בנוסף לחיבור לאנשים אחרים, בני הדור משתמשים במדיה החברתית כדי להתעדכן בחדשות, בניגוד לדורות מבוגרים, שמעדיפים עיתונים וטלוויזיה. עם זאת, למרות שאנשים בגילאי 18 עד 24 תלויים מאוד ברשתות המדיה החברתיות, יש להם מעט מאוד אמון בהן.[258]

סקר שנערך בקרב בני נוער אמריקאים מצא שרוב בני הנוער מודאגים מהאופן שבו פרסומים שלהם ייתפסו על ידי אנשים אחרים. 72% מהנשאלים אמרו שהם משתמשים במדיה חברתית על בסיס יומי, ו-82% אמרו שהם חושבים היטב על מה שהם מפרסמים ברשתות החברתיות. יתרה מכך, 43% אמרו שהם מתחרטים על פוסטים שפרסמו בעבר.[267]

סקר משנת 2019 בקרב 2,000 בריטים בגילאי חמש עד שש עשרה דיווח על סימני עייפות מקוונים, לאחר שכ-30% מהנשאלים אמרו שהם רוצים לבלות פחות זמן באינטרנט.[113]

סקר מ-2018 מראה ש-90% מבני הנוער בגילאי 13-17 השתמשו במדיה חברתית, ל-75% יש לפחות חשבון מדיה חברתית אחד, 51% אומרים שהם משתמשים במדיה חברתית אחת לפחות מדי יום, ל-66% יש מכשירים משלהם עם אינטרנט, ולבני נוער מקוון כמעט 9 שעות ביום.[268]

השפעות של זמן מסך

בספרו מ-2017 נטען כי ההתמכרות של ילדים למסכים מסכנת את יכולתם לקרוא רמזים חברתיים לא מילוליים.[269]

צפייה מוגזמת בטלוויזיה ידועה כפוגעת ביכולת הקשב וכן בתפקודים קוגניטיביים אחרים; הצפייה המופרזת גורמת גם להפרעות התנהגותיות, כמו אכילה לא בריאה. משחק מוגזם במשחקי וידאו, לעומת זאת, ידוע כפוגע במיומנויות חברתיות ובבריאות הנפשית, וככזה עלול גם לפגוע בביצועים בלימודים. עם זאת, בהתאם לאופי המשחק, משחק בו עשוי להועיל לילד; למשל, הילד יכול לקבל מוטיבציה ללמוד את שפת המשחק כדי לשחק אותה טוב יותר. בקרב מתבגרים, גלישה מוגזמת באינטרנט ידועה כקשורה שלילית לציונים בבית הספר, אם כי מחקר קודם אינו מבחין בין המכשירים השונים בהם נעשה שימוש. עם זאת, מחקר אחד מצביע על כך שגישה לאינטרנט, אם היא משמשת לעבודות בית ספר, קשורה באופן חיובי לציונים בבית הספר, אך אם היא משמשת לפנאי, היא קשורה אליה באופן שלילי. בסך הכל, ההשפעות של זמן מסך חזקות יותר בקרב מתבגרים מאשר בקרב ילדים.[10]

מחקר שנערך בשנת 2017 מדווח כי דפוסי השימוש במדיה החברתית של דור זה עשויים להיות קשורים לבדידות, חרדה ושבריריות וכי בנות עשויות להיות מושפעות יותר מבנים ממדיה חברתית.[270]

חוקרים גילו שבעוד ש-78% מהבנות דיווחו על חברות דרך המדיה החברתית, רק 52% מהבנים דיווחו כך.[272] 57% מהבנים טענו שהם רכשו חברים דרך משחקי וידאו, בעוד שזה היה נכון רק עבור 13% מהבנות.[272] בנות נוטות יותר להשתמש בפינטרסט, פייסבוק ואינסטגרם מאשר גברים. בנים נטו להשתמש באתרים מילוליים יותר וגרפיים פחות מבנות, כגון פורומים מקוונים, צ'אט קבוצתי ו-Reddit.[272]

בריונות ברשת

בריונות באמצעות טכנולוגיה נפוצה יותר בקרב בני דור ה-Z מאשר בקרב בני דור המילניום שקדם להם. הדבר שכיח יותר בקרב בנות, 22% סבלו מביריונות ברשת לעומת 10% מהבנים. כתוצאה מכך נערות צעירות מרגישות פגיעות יותר להדרה ולערעור.[273][274]

 

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