סגנונות התמודדות של מורות עם רגשות שליליים בעקבות תוקפנות תלמידים
Michal Levy and Mona Khoury‑Kassabri (2021). Female teachers’ coping styles with negative emotions in student aggression. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37, 1165–1188
הוראה היא אחד המקצועות המלחיצים ביותר ונודעת לו השפעה רבה על רווחה גופנית ופסיכולוגית ועל שביעות הרצון בעבודה (Dicke et al., 2014). מורים שתופסים את בית הספר כסביבה לא בטוחה נוטים להיות חסרי מוטיבציה מקצועית, וזה מוביל אותם לעיתים קרובות לעזוב את המקצוע (Wilson et al., 2011). שיעורים גבוהים של שחיקת מורים, בין 40 ל-50 אחוז, הפכו לדאגה כלל-עולמית (Dicke et al., 2014).
לקריאה נוספת: כל סיכומי המאמרים בנושא אלימות בבית הספר
אחד המקורות העיקריים ללחץ של מורים הוא התנהגות בעייתית של תלמידים (Dicke et al., 2014) אשר מעלה רגשות שליליים ומגבירה את הסיכון לשחיקה בקרב מורים .(Tsouloupas et al., 2010) סוג אחד של התנהגות בעייתית של תלמידים הוא תוקפנות. רגשות שליליים של מורים לגבי תוקפנות תלמידים יכולים לגרום לשימוש שלהם באסטרטגיות אנטי-פרודוקטיביות, כגון עימות ישיר ותגובות מתגוננות (Chang & Davis, 2009).
זו סיבה לדאגה, שכן למורים יש תפקיד קריטי בהפחתת התוקפנות בבית הספר (Yoon & Bauman, 2014).
מורים מתמודדים עם שתי צורות של תוקפנות תלמידים. ראשית, תוקפנות בין תלמידים שעלולה להיראות גם כהתנהגות בריונית המתבצעת באופן חוזר ומכוון כלפי עמיתים שאינם יכולים להגן על עצמם (Smith, 2016). הסוג השני של תוקפנות תלמידים הוא תוקפנות פיזית ומילולית שמופנית כלפי המורים עצמם (Martinez et al., 2016) .
מטרת מחקר זה הייתה לנתח דיווחים של מורות על אסטרטגיות ההתמודדות שלהן עם רגשות שליליים במצב מלחיץ ביותר - תוקפנות של תלמידים.
נמצא כי המורות אימצו שישה סגנונות התמודדות עיקריים עם רגשות שליליים (או שילוב של יותר מאחד מהסגנונות הללו): סגנון קוגניטיבי, תמיכה חברתית, יחסי מורה-תלמיד, סגנון רגשי, אמונות מקצועיות ורגיעה עצמית.
שתי תוצאות כלליות ראויות לציון. ראשית, רוב המורות התמקדו בעיקר בקורבנוּת שלהם על ידי התלמידים. סביר להניח שמורות העדיפו לתאר קורבנוּת זו, כי לעוצמה הרגשית של אירועים אלו הייתה השפעה רבה יותר עליהן. שנית, אסטרטגיות ההתמודדות של מורות עם רגשות שליליים לא נבדלו לפי סוג התפקיד המקצועי.
השלכות מעשיות
התערבויות בית ספריות המכוונות לתוקפנות של תלמידים לכלול הכשרה רגשית של מורים. אימון רגשי צריך לשלב מגוון אסטרטגיות שעשויים לעזור למורים להתמודד ביעילות עם הרגשות השליליים שלהם. במסגרת תוכניות הכשרה אקדמיות, מתרגלים הכשרה צריכים לשים לב למצוקות הרגשיות של המורים המתחילים במהלך ההכשרה וההתמחות.
הממצאים גם מצביעים על כך שהמורים צריכים זמן להתאוורר ולעבד את רגשותיהם. ניתן לעשות זאת בתכניות הכשרה אקדמיות על ידי מתן מקום וזמן להיזכר באירועים שבועיים ולשתף את רגשותיהם עם פרחי הוראה אחרים ועם מנטורים.
תמיכה חברתית זוהתה במחקר הנוכחי כמרכיב בסיסי התמודדות של מורות, במיוחד מורות מתחילות. לפיכך, מומלץ שתכניות ברמת בית הספר ייצרו תחושה חיובית ותומכת על ידי ארגון קבוצות תמיכה רגשית למורים (Bounds & Jenkins, 2016). הדבר יאפשר למורים לעבד את רגשותיהם באמצעות מתן רקע ומידע על התלמידים וסיוע מעשי בהתנהגויות תוקפניות של תלמידים.
ממצאי המחקר הנוכחי עשויים לשמש בסיס אמפירי לתכנון תוכניות הכשרה שמטרתן לחזק את החוסן הרגשי של המורים בהתמודדות עם תוקפנות של תלמידים (Lahad, 2017). הכשרת מורים להשתמש באסטרטגיות התמודדות אלו באופן רציף עשויה לעזור לבלום, בטווח הארוך, את ההשפעה של תשישות רגשית, שחיקה ועייפות.
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